OLPC | Global Junior Challenge

URUGUAY: Global Leader in Equal Access to Digital Education

Thu, 30/07/2009 - 11:57

The One Laptop per Child association develops a low-cost laptopâ€”the "XO Laptop"â€”to revolutionize how we educate the world's children.

1. Project summary

Summary:

Ceibal’s strategic principles are: equality of opportunity in access to technology, democratization of knowledge and enhancing learning in schools and in the context of the whole experience of learners.
The project will be located institutionally and pedagogy developed in the field of primary education, since the target population consists of students from 1st to 6th year of primary education and their teachers.
The laptops are set up by OLPC for children are, lightweight, easily transportable and very durable. Its features enable work in diverse environments, also different to the classroom and open up opportunities for very different approach to teach and learn. .

This project aims to have a significant social impact on the relationship between the school and the family, the promotion of skills for the XXI century society in an attempt to reduce the existing digital divide

2. Country (City / Region)

State:

Uruguay

City:

Montevideo

3. Company/organization/institute presenting the project

Organization:

CDI Uruguay

4. Type of organization

Select type:

Cultural Institution (foundations, museums, galleries, etc…)

5. Project coordinator

Name and Surname:

Jiulia Peruzzi Tirelli

E-Mail:

juliap@media.mit.edu

6. Website

The website of the project:

www.cdi.org.uy

7. Please select the category in which you candidate your project

Youth Education Project. Select Project Users by age:

Up to 15 years

Helping youth step in the job market:

NOT Helping youth step in the job market

Creativity and Social Innovation:

Creativity and Social Innovation

8. How long has your project been running?

From:

03/03/2007

9. Targets and Elements of Innovation

Please explain the targets and the background of your project:

The introduction of computers in schools does not mean merely learning to use a technological resource, requires thinking about how their integration in the classroom enhances student learning, assessing not only access to new knowledge but also the development of attitudes, skills, etc.
Then you are not thinking in incorporating the technology itself, but according to the pedagogical approach. The integration of computers, was seen in the context of societal, cultural construction at the service of active development of significance by the student based on their interests and prior knowledge and based on their interactions with the object of knowledge through the teacher's mediation.
Education planning is seen as the anticipation of an area of opportunity for learning by the student, an area shaped by the teacher can be done in many ways. Computers widen that space, since these features are particularly appropriate for development of project work, topics, problem solving and networking.
This project has a very wide and ambitious target: to improve the ways that people learn and teach, to investigate social changes becoming through the experience

What does it try to achieve and how:

The project will try to achieve it ambitious target and additionally, learn a lot of new pedagogic strategies and significant changes on the life of participants to be replicated and shared with all the people interested around the world.
The World Summit on the Information Society in Geneva 2003 recognizes that education, knowledge, information and communication are essential for progress, and welfare of human beings. Moreover, information technologies and communication technologies (ICTs) have an immense impact on virtually all aspects of our lives. The rapid progress of these technologies opens completely new opportunities to attain higher levels of development. The capability of ICTs to reduce many traditional obstacles, especially the time and distance, for the first time ever, allow the use of the potential of these technologies for the benefit of millions of people around the world.

We have not yet all the responses to “What does it try to achieve and how” instead we have many questions. Since is a projetc whit no precedents, we hope to learn by while doing it

Which opportunities/problems does it address to:

Opportunities:
We are fully aware that the benefits of the revolution in information technology are today unevenly distributed between developed and developing countries and within societies. We are fully committed to turning this digital divide into a digital opportunity for all, especially those who risk being behind and further marginalized. Just give access does not involve overcoming the "digital divide". While the level of connectivity and use of technology is important, it is more important yet that people can have the knowledge, habits of critical thinking and values needed to use these tools in personal and collective development.
These are the great long lasting opportunities of this project: to built, all together a better life for everyone.

Problems:
Since this is a very innovative project, it could be rejected and/or misunderstand by teachers at the school.
Political changes at the government of Uruguay could change the educational aims of the authorities.

Please explain what is unique or special in your project:

It is unique because is the very first time in the history that a country gives laptops to every children at primary schools.
I would like to remark that children own the laptop and carry them home or wherever they want. Also they keep their laptops even when they left the school.

CDI Uruguay is collaborating to extend the knowledge to families and communities in order to have better results extending the benefits of managing laptops to the whole society.
Other important innovation emerge from the agreement CDI Uruguay – CEIBAL to include families and communities at CEIBAL beneficiaries. Is a very innovative project aiming to demonstrate that the collaboration between ONE TO ONE projects and Communitarian Telecenters empower both projects towards the social development

10. Results

Describe the results of your project as per today:

The project have promoted ownership by teachers and students, while generating innovation among its multiple innovations. Teachers are learning new ways in the exercise of its profession, children and teachers are learning how to learn, curiosity and willing to learn is increased ... as well as fun at the school!
Since children have the laptops at home, the whole family is curious and interested at this “magic machine” which is fully connected to internet, even at home, due to the mesh network with the server at the school. So parents and other relatives are also learning very new things and using laptops for their own interests. Here is shown the importance of the intervention of CDI Uruguay and its telecenters.
The Internet access in Uruguay has been increased from 25 % until almost 60 %

How does it fulfill the users’ needs:

While the level of connectivity and use of technology is important, it is more important yet that people can have the knowledge, habits of critical thinking and values needed to use these tools in personal and collective development.
Just give mere access to technology does not involve overcoming the "digital divide. Hence the importance of this project in encouraging the student in developing the necessary skills to enable them to exercise responsible autonomy and criticism and actively participate in building a world more human, more democratic and fair.
Additionally, CDI Uruguay intervention will fulfill need of other users who are not children at schools.

How many users interact with your project per month and what are the preferred forms of interaction:

CEIBAL:
330.000 children and teachers (the same every month because they are the whole amount attending primary schools at the country).
CDI URUGUAY:
50 teachers of public and private schools at face to face courses
50 teachers reached at e.learning
60 relatives of children who own a laptop and have them at home

How has it improved the quality of educational and/or training services:

The World Summit on the Information Society in Geneva 2003 recognizes that education, knowledge, information and communication are essential for progress, and welfare of human beings. Moreover, information and communication technologies (ICTs) have an immense impact on virtually all aspects of our lives. The rapid progress of these technologies opens completely new opportunities to attain higher levels of development. The capability of ICTs to reduce many traditional obstacles, especially time and distance, for the first time ever, allow the use of the potential of these technologies for the benefit of millions of people around the world.

How has it improved the participation of professionals, children, youth and other stakeholders:

Uruguayan authorities promoted the realization of a public Educational Debate with participation of professionals and all the people interested at the subject.
It should be noted that the inputs related to Education and ICTs, with citizenship participation, confirm the line of the exposed bases pointing to the need "to ensure resources for the use of ICTs as a tool for democratization of knowledge".

How does it promote the use of ICT for the educational and cultural development by professionals, children and youth:

Its core is to promote the educational and cultural development of students, teachers and families to improve educational and social development.

Describe how you measure (parameters) these results:

Number of beneficiaries : children, youth, adults
Number of new teachers acquiring computer literacy.
Level of Internet connectivity at the country.
A medium and long term it can be measured educational and social changes.

11. Sustainability

What is the full duration of your project:

From 3 to 6 years

What is the approximate total budget for your project (in USD):

More than 500.000

What is the source of funding for your project:

Other

Other:

governmental, with the collaboration of our NGO

12. Transferability

Has your project been replicated/adapted elsewhere:

We are available to help others starting or working on similar projects:

We are available to help others starting or working on similar projects.

13. Background information

Background:

About CDI International Network: The Committee for Democracy in Information Technology (CDI) is a non-profit organization working to free young people from poverty and social exclusion through the establishment of community IT and Citizenship Schools. CDI views IT literacy as a way to promote employment opportunities, civic participation, formal education, ecology, health, human rights and non-violence.
CDI seeks to help individual communities establish their own educational programs. Since its inception in Rio de Janeiro in 1995, the Committee has supported 933 communities around Brazil, South Africa, Angola, Chile, Colombia, Guatemala, Honduras, Japan, México and Uruguay, to establish their own autonomous and financially self-sustaining IT and Human Right Schools
These neighborhoods are among the nation’s poorest. CDI provides these schools with technical assistance, teacher training, curriculum development, as well as donated software and computer equipment.
By implementing the CDI model, the EICs have enrolled 936.900 graduates so far, mostly children and teenagers. The Committee has successfully adapted its methodology to reach diverse groups, such as street children, visually-impaired youths, prisoners, and indigenous people.

About CDI Uruguay: It’s a program which empower its targets working in coordinati on with CDI International Network over all the territory of this country. Since the starting of CEIBAL project, CDI Uruguay is collaborating with it to extend its performance.

CDI Uruguay offers Uruguayan communities technical assistance, teacher training, and help in developing methods and specific curricula for different social groups, free of charge. In addition, CDI Uruguay donates computers, printers, and software. Once an EIC is created, CDI Uruguay continues to assist in its development.

Information technology is spearheading the modernization process the world over. Young people living in poor communities are consequently extremely interested in it. The computer skills and knowledge of human rights and ecology, acquired in the EICs, create more opportunities for participants, as well as for their families and neighborhoods. In addition, there is a growing demand for IT skills in today’s job market. These young people, once equipped with computer skills, will have greater employment opportunities and will consequently be better placed to integrate into society both economically and socially.

Governments and non-governmental organizations, as well as non-profit and international development agencies, have acknowledged the remarkable effectiveness of the CDI model. For instance, UNESCO has been instrumental in lending institutional support and has granted the Committee with its Seal of Approval. CDI finances its activities through partnerships with the government agencies, as well as with corporations and philanthropic organizations. With the help of partners including Inter American Development Bank, Microsoft, Avina, World Bank, Swiss Re Brazil Services de Participators, United Methodist Church, Ashoka, Global Partnerships, Zonamerica Business & Technology Park, Punto Ogilvy, ARTech, República AFAP, Fanapel, Estudio Luis Lecueder and many others, CDI is building a solid financial and administrative platform, where new funding can be securely invested for the development of effective social programs.

Barriers:

- Lack of flexibility of the school teachers, in those who are too attached to old educational methods.
- Teachers who are not familiar with computers and have afraid of new technologies.
- social and familiar violence, which produces damages to the laptops made by some relatives, and stole of laptops when children are carrying them home to school and vice versa.

Solutions:

- To work hard with the purpose of overcome the reluctance teachers to adapt to the new age in education and to accept the new technologies at the classroom, with all the methodological changes that this means. This work is being focused in pedagogical training.
- Training every teacher in computer science.
- A broadcast campaign to overcome these awful effects of the violence, above all saying the characteristic of these laptops. Laptops has a owner – the child- who has the password to start it. In case of rob, the computer is blocked and so has not value at the market.

Future plans and wish list:

From CEIBAL:
-To extend the delivery of laptops to secondary education.
From CDI Uruguay:
- To obtain financial resources to reach more people -families and communities-. The needed resources are to be applied for travel and per Diem for students at isolate areas of the country. We wish to do gatherings of interchange and special trainings according to the specifics needs of communities.
From both CEIBAL and CDI Uruguay:
- To involve at this "adventure" as much people as possible (from our country and from abroad).
- To make researches to learn more about and from the process of this project.
- To spread out the great amount of knowledge acquired in the process of the project

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MESHING UP RURAL SRI LANKA

Wed, 29/07/2009 - 21:45

CONNECTING RURAL SRI LANKAN VILLAGES WITH INTERNET USING LOW COST MESH NETWORKING TECHNOLOGY

1. Project summary

Summary:

The way the idea was born –

THE IDEA OF A MESH NETWORK IN A RURAL SRI LANKAN VILLAGE WAS BORN IN RURAL VILLAGE OF MAHAVILACHCHIYA IN THE YEAR 2004. HAVING HEARD THAT MAHAVILACHCHIYA WAS A RURAL VILLAGE WITH A HIGH COMPUTER DENSITY, THANKS TO A PROJECT NAMED DIGITAL BUTTERFLIES HTTP://DIGITALBUTTERFLIES.WORDPRESS.COM/ THAT WAS INITIATED BY HORIZON LANKA FOUNDATION WWW.HORIZONLANKA.NET IN MAHAVILACHCHIYA. A NETWORKING EXPERT OF A COMPANY CALLED ENTERPRISE TECHNOLOGY PVT LTD. HTTP://WWW.ENTERPRISETL.COM/ SUGGESTED THAT ‘MESH TECHNOLOGY’, A WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY WOULD BE IDEAL TO CONNECT THESE COMPUTERS AT A LOWER COST THAN THE TRADITIONAL WIRED SOLUTIONS.

who developed that idea –

MR NANDASIRI WANNINAYAKA, “AN ASHOKA FELLOW” http://www.ashoka.org/fellow/4394 THE FOUNDER OF HORIZON LANKA FOUNDATION EXPLORED HOW INTERNET IN RURAL HOUSEHOLDS CAN HELP IMPROVE ENGLISH KNOWLEDGE OF THE RURAL STUDENTS AND JOINED HANDS WITH ETPL IN 2004 WHEN FUNDING FOR A MESH NETWORK WAS AWARDED BY THE PAN ASIA ICT R&D GRANTS PROGRAM.

THIS PROJECT WAS COMPLETED AND LAUNCHED BY 2006. http://www.horizonlanka.net/news/2006/mesh/index.html THE GRANT COVERED 1/4THE OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL AREA OF THE VILLAGE AND PROVIDED FREE INTERNET ACCESS TO 28 HOUSES AND TWO PUBLIC SCHOOLS. IT ALSO ADDED 7 WI-FI ZONES TO THE VILLAGE, A LUXURY EVEN IN THE CAPITAL CITY BY THAT TIME. IT PROVIDED VERY SATISFYING RESULTS BY ENABLING THE STUDENTS IN THE VILLAGE TO GET ‘A’ GRADES TO THEIR ENGLISH. ENGLISH IS TAUGHT AS A SECOND LANGUAGE IN SRI LANKA OFTEN CONSIDERED AS A DIFFICULT LANGUAGE. INNOVATIVE USAGE OF EMAILING, INSTANT MESSENGER SERVICES, WRITING TO WEBSITES, ONLINE FORUMS, DOING WORK-STUDY PROJECTS TO A COMPANY CALLED OPENWORLD LLC, USA WAS HELPFUL IN ACHIEVING THE SUCCESS. APNIC HTTP://WWW.APNIC.NET/ PROVIDED ANOTHER GRANT TO HORIZON LANKA IN 2009 TO EXPAND THE MESH NETWORK TO THE ENTIRE VILLAGE THAT HAS BEEN ALREADY DONE WITH A SERVICE PROVIDER NAMED LANKACOM HTTP://WWW.LANKACOM.COM.

Who is applying to the project today.

HORIZON LANKA FOUNDATION (HLF) IS APPLYING FOR THE GRANT TO REPLICATE THIS SUCCESSFUL MODEL OF MESHING UP RURAL VILLAGES IN SRI LANKA THROUGH MESH TECHNOLOGY. HLF HAS EXPERIENCES IN IMPLEMENTING MESH NETWORKS WITH TWO GRANTS BY HIRING TWO INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS (ISP). HLF HOPES TO USE THE EXPERTISE OF LANKACOM, THE CURRENT ISP, TO REPLICATE THE PROJECT IN OTHER VILLAGES OF RURAL SRI LANKA, INCLUDING THE VILLAGES IN THE NORTH AND EASTERN PROVINCES OF SRI LANKA WHICH WERE AFFECTED BY A 3-DECADE LONG WAR THAT ENDED FEW MONTHS AGO.

2. Country (City / Region)

State:

Sri Lanka

City:

Mahavilachchiya

3. Company/organization/institute presenting the project

Organization:

Horizon Lanka Foundation

4. Type of organization

Select type:

Private institution

5. Project coordinator

Name and Surname:

TIKIRI BANDAGE NANDASIRI WANNINAYAKA

E-Mail:

WANNI77@GMAIL.COM

6. Website

The website of the project:

WWW.HORIZONLANKA.NET

7. Please select the category in which you candidate your project

Youth Education Project. Select Project Users by age:

Up to 29 years

Helping youth step in the job market:

NOT Helping youth step in the job market

Creativity and Social Innovation:

NOT in Creativity and Social Innovation

8. How long has your project been running?

From:

04/11/2006

9. Targets and Elements of Innovation

Please explain the targets and the background of your project:

BY 2006, WHEN THE MESH INTERNET NETWORK WAS INTRODUCED TO MAHAVILACHCHIYA, THERE WAS NO TELEPHONE ACCESS TO MAHAVILACHCHIYA. BUT THE HORIZON LANKA FOUNDATION ERECTED A TOWER TO GET INTERNET SIGNALS TO ITS COMPUTER LAB BY 2004. SINCE THE STUDENTS SHOWED REMARKABLE IMPROVEMENT IN THEIR ICT AND ENGLISH SKILLS HLF WANTED TO FIND A TECHNOLOGY TO PROVIDE INTERNET TO STUDENTS’ HOUSES AND SCHOOLS. SINCE THERE WAS NO TELEPHONES, MESH WAS THE ONLY VIABLE OPTION AVAILABLE. SO THE TARGET GROUP, THE STUDENTS AND THE YOUTH WERE PROVIDED INTERNET AND WHEN REPLICATING THE MESH NETWORKS IN OTHER VILLAGES WITH GJC GRANT, THE HLF HOPES TO TARGET CHILDREN AND THE YOUTH AS TARGET GROUPS AND ENSURE THOSE BENEFICIARIES HAVE EASY AND AFFORDABLE ACCESS TO INTERNET USING MESH TECHNOLOGY TO ENHANCE THEIR ENGLISH AND ICT SKILLS.

What does it try to achieve and how:

THE MESH REPLICATING PROJECT TRIES TO PROVIDE MORE EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES TO THE RURAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH WHO DO NOT HAVE EASY ACCESS TO INTENET BY PROVIDING INTERNET THROUGH LOW COST MESH NETWORKS IN ISOLATED RURAL VILLAGES. THE PROJECT WILL IMPLEMENT MESH NETWORKS IN SELECTED VILLAGES WHERE THERE ARE AT LEAST USED PCS TO CONNECT TO THE INTERNET. WITH THE INTRODUCTION OF OLPCS AND NETBOOKS WITH THE REPLICATING PROJECT, THE STUDENTS WILL FIND IT EVEN EASIER TO ACCESS THE NET.

Which opportunities/problems does it address to:

THE GAP BETWEEN THE DIGITALLY EQUIPPED URBAN CHILDREN AND YOUTH AND THE DIGITALLY HANDICAPPED CHILDREN AND YOUTH IN RURAL AREAS WILL BE SIGNIFICANTLY BRIDGED THROUGH THIS PROJECT. INTERNET WILL NOT BE A LUXURY WITH PROHIBITIVE PRICES ANYMORE FOR THE RURAL STUDENTS. THE RURAL STUDENTS AND YOUTH DO NOT HAVE ACCESS TO GOOD SCHOOLS, TEACHERS OR EQUIPMENT AND OFTEN OVERLOOKED BY AUTHORITIES AS THE PRIORITY GOES TO URBAN AREAS.

Please explain what is unique or special in your project:

THE UNIQUENESS OF THE PROJECT IS THAT IT WILL USE A WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY CALLED MESH TO PROVIDE INTERNET AT A COMPARATIVELY LOW COST TO USERS’ HOUSES AND WILL CREATE WI-FI ZONES IN RURAL VILLAGES FOR THE USERS TO USE LAPTOPS, NETBOOKS AND OLPCS FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES. EACH VILLAGE WILL SHARE ONE INTERNET BILL FOR THE WHOLE VILLAGE THAN PAYING DIFFERENT BILLS THAT IS UNAFFORDABLE.

10. Results

Describe the results of your project as per today:

STUDENTS PASSING ENGLISH WITH A GRADES AT NATIONAL LEVEL EXAMS
MORE FAMILIES BUYING AT LEAST USED PCS (INSTEAD OF TVS) FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES
STUDENTS FROM THE VILLAGE ARE OBTAINING DEGREES, DIPLOMAS AND CERTIFICATES IN ICT FROM REPUTED INSTITUTES IN THE COUNTRY SINCE THEY HAVE LEARNT THE BASICS FROM THE VILLAGE
THE WHOLE VILLAGE IS COVERED WITH INTENET AND BOTH THE YOUTH AND THE ADULTS ARE BENEFITTED ACADEMICALLY, COMMERCIALLY AND IN OTHER FORMS SUCH AS ENTERTAINMENT, INFORMATION, ETC.
MAHAVILACHCHIYA HAS GOT A GOOD PUBLICITY WORLDWIDE AS A VILLAGE WITH ICT INFRASTRUCTURE AND ENGLISH KNOWLEDGE SO THAT BUSINESSES SUCH AS BPO (BUSINESS PROCESS OUTSOURCING) ARE COMING TO THE VILLAGE NOW.
MORE YOUTH FROM THE VILLAGE GET INTO ICT/ENGLISH RELATED JOBS WHEREAS THE MAIN OPTIONS IN THE PAST WAS EITHER JOINING ARMY OR WORKING AS MACHINE OPERATORS IN GARMENT FACTORIES
MORE TELECOMMUNICATION COMPANIES ARE INTERESTED IN COVERING THE VILLAGE AND ALMOST ALL PROVIDERS ARE OPERATING IN MAHAVILACHCHIYA NOW.
MANY RESEARCHES ARE DONE ABOUT MAHAVILACHCHIYA BY EVEN FOREIGN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS NOW.
OTHERS ARE INTERESTED IN STARTING ICT RELATED INITIATIVES SUCH AS ONLINE RADIO STATIONS, ETC IN MAHAVILACHCHIYA DUE TO ITS AVAILABLE INFRASTRUCTURE
THE ABILITY TO ATTRACT FOREIGN VOLUNTEERS TO TEACH ENGLISH AND ICT IN THE VILLAGE DUE TO ITS INFRASTRUCTURE.

How does it fulfill the users’ needs:

How many users interact with your project per month and what are the preferred forms of interaction:

How has it improved the quality of educational and/or training services:

Describe how you measure (parameters) these results:

English knowledge improvement
ICT skills enhancement
Being informed with the latest information
Farmers being able to access market information
Number of PCs in the village compared to other villages

11. Sustainability

What is the full duration of your project:

From 3 to 6 years

What is the approximate total budget for your project (in USD):

From 75.001 to 500.000

What is the source of funding for your project:

Grants

Is your project economically self sufficient now:

12. Transferability

Has your project been replicated/adapted elsewhere:

Specify:

What lessons can others learn from your project:

OTHERS CAN LEARN HOW TO IMPLEMENT THE PROJECT AND THE TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY OF THE PROJECT. ALSO SOMETIMES THE BAD WEATHER, TREE CANOPY, ELECTRICITY FLUCTUATIONS, LIGHTENING, PEOPLE’S ATTITUDES, ETC. CAN CAUSE PROBLEMS AND OTHERS CAN LEARN ABOUT THEM FROM MAHAVILACHCHIYA MESH NETWORK.

We are available to help others starting or working on similar projects:

We are available to help others starting or working on similar projects.

13. Background information

Background:

PLEASE VISIT http://www.horizonlanka.net/news/2006/mesh/index.html FOR SUCH DETAILS.

Barriers:

THE BIGGEST BARRIER WAS GETTING LICENSES FOR THE FREQUENCY FROM THE REGULATORS. IT TOOK ALMOST 2 YEARS OF STRUGGLING BUT AS A RESULT OF MESH NETWORK IN MAHAVILACHCHIYA, OTHER VILLAGERS ALSO CAN GET LICENSES EASLY NOW SINCE THERE WAS A POLICY CHANGE.

Solutions:

HORIZON LANKA’S LOYAL WELL-WISHER BASE TOOK THE CHALLENGE BY LOBBYING FOR THE MESH NETWORK THROUGH BLOGS, NEWSPAPER ARTICLES ETC. AND FINALLY THE LICENSE WAS ISSUED.

Future plans and wish list:

THE FUTURE PLAN IS TO MAKE THE WHOLE PROJECT SUSTAINABLE AND COMMERCIALLY VIABLE. WE NEED FEW YEARS’ FINANCIAL AND PROFESSIONAL SUPPORT FOR IT. IN FUTURE WE WANT TO VENTURE INTO E-LEARNING AND OFFER ACCEPTED CERTIFICATES, DIPLOMAS, DEGREES ETC. FROM HORIZON LANKA IN MAHAVILACHCHIYA. WE ALSO WANT TO USE OUR VOLUNTEERS TO TEACH THE STUDENTS AND YOUTH IN OTHER VILLAGES THROUGH A VIDEO CONFERENCING TECHNOLOGY IN FUTURE.

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